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Rik is an engineer who has held a range of marketing, technical support, and direction roles. He is also a qualified teacher.

Welcome to your guide to the basics of electricity.

The 4 most bones physical quanities in electricity are:

Voltage (Five)
Current (I)
Resistance (R)
Power (P)

Each of these quantities are measured using different units:

Voltage is measured in volts (V)
Current is measured in amps (A)
Resistance is measured in ohms (Ω)
Power is measured in watts (Due west)

Electrical ability, or the wattage of an electrical organization, is always equal to the voltage multiplied by the current.

A system of h2o pipes is often used as an analogy to assistance people understand how these units of electricity work together. In this analogy, voltage is equivalent to water pressure, current is equivalent to menses rate and resistance is equivalent to pipe size.

In electrical engineering, there is a basic equation that explains how voltage, current and resistance relate. This equation, written below, is known every bit Ohm's police force.

Ohm's Law

V = I x R

Ohm'due south law states that voltage is equal to the current flowing in a excursion times the resistance of the excursion.

One fashion of understanding Ohm's constabulary is to employ it to the imaginary plumbing organisation we've employed as a representation of an electrical system.

Let's say we accept a tank of h2o attached to a hose. If we increase the pressure in the tank, more water will come up out of the hose. Thus, if nosotros increase the voltage in an electric system, nosotros will also increment the current.

If we make the diameter of the hose smaller, resistance will increment, causing less h2o to come up out of the hose. Thus, if nosotros increase the resistance in an electrical system, nosotros volition subtract the current.

With this brief introduction of the workings of an electrical system, let'south jump into each of the units of electricity separately and larn about them in more detail.

Scroll to Continue

What Are Volts?

Volts are the base unit used to measure Voltage. I volt is defined equally the "difference in electric potential betwixt 2 points of a conducting wire when an electrical electric current of 1 ampere dissipates 1 watt of ability between those points." The volt is named after the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta.

In our battery diagram in a higher place, the battery provides what is known as a potential departure in an electric excursion, or voltage. If nosotros go back to our water illustration, the battery is like a water pump that propels water through a pipe. The pump increases the pressure in the pipe, causing the water to flow.

In electrical engineering, we call this electric pressure voltage and mensurate it in volts. A voltage of three volts can be written as 3V.

As the number of volts increases, the current increases as well. But in social club for the current to flow, the electrical conductor or wire must loop back to the battery. If we break the circuit, with a switch for case, then no electric current will catamenia.

At that place are standard voltage outputs for everyday objects like batteries and household outlets. In the U.s., the standard voltage output for a household outlet is 120V. In Europe, the standard voltage output for a household outlet is 230V. Other standard voltage outputs are listed in the tabular array below.

Common Voltages


Object	Voltage
Single-cell, rechargeable battery	1.2V
Single-cell, not-rechargeable bombardment	one.5V–i.56V
USB	5V
Automobile battery	2.1V per cell
Electric vehicle battery	400V
Household outlet (Japan)	100V
Household outlet (Due north America)	120V
Household outlet (Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia)	230V
Rapid transit 3rd rail	600V–750V
High-voltage electrical ability lines	110,000V
Lightning	100,000,000V

What Are Amps?

The ampere, oft shortened to "amp" or A, is the base unit of measurement of electrical current in the International System of Units. It is named after the French mathematician and physicist André-Marie Ampère, who is considered the father of electrodynamics.

Electricity consists of the period of electrons through a conductor, for example, an electric wire or cablevision. We measure the rate of menses of electricity as an electrical current (but as we recollect of the rate of period of h2o in a river equally the river current). The letter used to stand for current in an equation is I.

Electric electric current is measured in Amperes, shortened to Amps or simply the alphabetic character A.

A current of 2 Amps can be written as 2A. The bigger the current the more electricity is flowing.

The International System of Units (SI) defines amps every bit follows:

"The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of space length, of negligible round cantankerous-section, and placed one metre apart in a vacuum, would produce betwixt these conductors a force equal to ii×10⁻⁷ newtons per metre of length."

Current Demonstration (Video)

What Are Ohms?

Ohms are the base unit of resistance in an electric system. The ohm is defined as "an electrical resistance betwixt 2 points of a usher when a constant potential divergence of i volt, applied to these points, produces in the conductor a current of one ampere, the conductor not existence the seat of whatever electromotive forcefulness." The ohm is named after the German physicist Georg Simon Ohm.

Resistance is measured in ohms, or Ω (omega), for short. And then, five ohms can be written 5Ω.

In our battery diagram above, if nosotros remove the bulb and reconnected the wire so the bombardment was short circuited, the wire and battery would get very hot and the battery would soon exist apartment because there would be nigh no resistance in the circuit. Without any resistance, a huge electrical current would flow until the battery was empty.

One time we add together a bulb to the circuit, resistance is created. In that location is now a local "blockage" (or narrowing of the pipe, per our h2o pipe analogy) where the current experiences some resistance. This greatly reduces the current flowing in the circuit, so the energy in the battery is released more slowly.

As the bombardment forces the current through the bulb, the battery's free energy is released in the bulb in the form of lite and heat. In other words, the current carries stored energy from the battery to the seedling, where it is turned into light and heat energy.

The image above shows a light bulb as the main cause of electrical resistance. — The paradigm above shows a calorie-free bulb as the main cause of electrical resistance.

What Are Watts?

A watt is the base unit of power in electrical systems. It tin likewise be used in mechanical systems. It measures how much energy is released per second in a system. In our battery diagram, the size of both the voltage and the electric current in the bulb determine how much energy is released.

In the diagram in a higher place, the light bulb would get brighter as the power, measured in watts, increases.

We can calculate the power released in the seedling, and of the electrical system as a whole, by multiplying the voltage by the current. And so, to calculate watts, the following formula is used.

How to Summate Watts

W = Five * I

For example, a electric current of 2A flowing through a seedling with a voltage of 12V beyond information technology generates 24W of power.

How to Calculate with Watts, Amps, Volts, and Ohms

If yous want to do an electrical adding involving voltage, current, resistance, or power, reference the formulae circle below. For example, we can calculate the ability in watts by referencing the xanthous expanse in the circle.

This formulae circle is very useful for many electrical engineering tasks. Keep it handy the side by side time yous are dealing with an electrical system.

Below are some example equations that are solved using the formulae.

Example Equations

1. What is the electric current in an electrical circuit with a voltage of 120V and 12Ω of resistance?

I = V/R

I = 120/12

I = 10A

The current in an electrical circuit with a voltage of 120V and 12Ω of resistance is 10A.

2. What is the voltage across an electrical excursion with a current of 10A and 200Ω of resistance?

Five = I 10 R

V = 10 x 200

V = 2000V

The electric current in an electrical system with 10A and 200Ω of resistance is 2000V.

three. What is the resistance in an electric system with a voltage of 230V and a current of 5A?

R = V/I

R = 230/five

R = 46Ω

The resistance in an electric system with 230V and 50A is 46Ω.

Formulae circle for solving electrical unit equations. — Formulae circle for solving electric unit of measurement equations.

In Conclusion

After reading this article, you hopefully have a better understanding of the difference between electric current, voltage, resistance, and electrical power. Think that if y'all know whatever 2 of the concrete values in the formulae circle then you can calculate each of the other two unknown values.

Basic Electricity Tutorial (Video)

Electricity Quiz

For each question, choose the best answer. The reply key is below.

If I connect a 120V supply to a 60W bulb, what current would menstruation in the circuit?
- 1A
- 2A
- 0.5A
- 5A
If a 3V battery is continued to a bulb and a electric current of 1.5A flows through it and so what is the rating of the bulb?
- 3W
- 2W
- four.5W
- 0.5W

Answer Key

0.5A
iv.5W

Interpreting Your Score

If yous got 0 correct answers: Perchance y'all need to reread this article?

If you got 1 correct answer: Do you encounter where you went wrong?

If you got ii correct answers: Well done. You certainly know Watt is Watt!

Questions & Answers

Question: What is the resistance of the heating chemical element of an electric iron if the ampere describe is eight amperes when 115 volts are practical?

Reply: R= V/I = 115/8 = fourteen.four Amps

Question: Can I run ii appliances at the same time when the max amps bachelor is 5A? One requires iii amp, and the other requires 4.15 amp.

Answer: The answer is no. The full current drawn is 7.15 Amps. This would overload a 5A socket, and outcome in a 5A fuse blowing or a 5A circuit breaker beingness triggered.

Robert on May 26, 2020:

Very informative and helpful.

James Watt on April 23, 2020:

"and Watts are named after Scottish inventor and mathematician James Watt"

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CR7 on March 24, 2020:

Blurry images

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Branson on September 24, 2019:

I am trying to design a battery power led low-cal strip. My question is if my led controller is 12v, what amperage 12v battery supply can I use? 2A? 4A? 6A?

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how much units volition be comsumed by an electronic device of 3 amps per hour

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sir plz tell me how we know a device how many voltage applied and which condination volition exist prove?

Krystal on May 14, 2019:

Trying to go the answer to this question tin can everyone assistance me please demand if by the moring for school

1. Question:

I=.5amps,R=50phms,P=

Heidy on April 01, 2019:

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Cooper said he's beingness simple but he's using highly unnecessary "big" words and it is stupidly but annoying.

robert cannon on January 21, 2019:

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Cooper on October thirty, 2018:

And then we know plugging an extension into another extension (and having load existence drawn from said setup) volition (possibly) hitting the maximum allowed Amperage/Wattage for that extension and burn information technology out...

But we tin can have multiple devices like Fridges, Freezers, Tv set'south, Irons, etc, etc... Each on their own "Plug Socket" but aren't the Plug Sockets substantially just 'extensions' of the firm Mains? -

Presuming my respond is probably available on the house'due south Principal Fuse Board?... I'k curious to ask how i would calculate the Maximum Potential Amperage & Wattage load of i's entire house!

I know I could add up all my devices and summate 'My Specific Total Draw' only how much further 'til I hitting the 'maximum for my residence'?

The reply is probably stupidly simple, only I'm being stupidly simple at the moment and so such an answer would be warranted :D

- Cooper

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hi baby on July 03, 2018:

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Brunsrm on April 02, 2018:

Tin I run 2 appliances at the same time when the max electric provided is v amps? One requires 4.12 A and the other requires 3 A.

Thank you for your help

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andrea Sherman on September 04, 2017:

I never understood how that worked. I even so am sort of dislocated . isn't electricity measured in both particles and linear?. I took a grade chosen physics for poets about 40 years ago. cheers✌

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Thanks Sir,

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cool

Nancy Marine on October 03, 2016:

I got two/2 of the question, I guess I know watt is watt.

ade on October 03, 2016:

astonishing, never been able to get this stuff in my Head and you've managed it so succinctly mate, thanks ever so much, Cheers

jeo on September 16, 2016:

hi at that place, i am only getting to know about electricity. and has always been confused to hell, what is Amps, Volts etc. now i understood it all.

thank you for the commodity. God Anoint

SAQIB from HYDERABAD Pakistan on January 29, 2015:

Being engineer myself I enjoyed reading the concepts.

sanjay on December nineteen, 2014:

Very good

MARJ WATSON on July 26, 2014:

Please advise this former lady if I can utilise Gu10 replacement bulbs with 110/220 in the united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, as I bought them in mistake, thanking you in anticipation,

Marj

Someone on March 08, 2014:

That was useful thanks

santosh kumar on January 20, 2014:

Cheers a lot for your wonderful item explainatin. I hope it would be very helpful to all beginers. All-time wishes for your weblog.

Alpo on January 05, 2014:

Cheers for the tutorial...it has been awhile and was looking for the basic equations. According to your article, "A" is curt for amperes or amps. Later, "I" is introduced without relating it to amps. For clarity, you might add that.

vikas pal on September ten, 2013:

great blog

Alex on May 22, 2013:

Can someone aid to notice out 12 volt ??? west required in the given satiation?

I required 220 volt 1000 west to run my application. i am planning to install solar panel to have full fill up my requirement. information technology involve solar panel ,12 volt battery, and power inverter, how many watts of 12 volt panel do i required to have 220 volt 1000w power to run my application

Rusty on Apr 09, 2013:

I establish it interesting that elkangorito said no way 120 is safer than 230 volts. Then why in England on ALL commercial work sites the max voltage used is 120? Everything is stepped down from 230 to 120.

Thank you

Kiran Chandran on October 04, 2012:

I had cleared many doubts by using this........

amped on July 17, 2012:

Very useful explanation.

saratchandra on May 25, 2012:

Expert explanation with examples

ajay on April 16, 2012:

thank you for the answer. sir delight give one more than answer about transformers. I read somewhere that transformers can increase and decrease the voltage of a said line, and then in that instance is it possible to decrease the incomming 220v main line of my firm to say 24v and so again increase information technology 220v for normal usage. will the performance be the same and will it decrease the electrical nib.

Rik Ravado (author) from England on April 14, 2012:

ajay - the maximum electric current would depend on the fuse or breaker in the circuit. In theory, if you brusk circuited the 120v you could get an space electric current but domestic supplies normally take a billow that trips if you draw as well much current. In the U.k., our domestic circuits typically allow y'all to describe most 13A from a 3 pin plug but it my be higher elsewhere, for example the The states.

ajay on April 14, 2012:

how do we decide the maximum limit of ampereage that can be drawn out of a 120 volts line

Ak on December 28, 2011:

Thanks for the heads-up Rik. I want to implement cheap renewable energy, could y'all outline few options? Pv or solar panels are not the options where i live. I heard a lot about fuel cells, are they expensive?

Rik Ravado (writer) from England on Dec 22, 2011:

Ak - These products are all scams. You don't get electrical energy for nil. You tin can catechumen mechanical free energy into electric energy, a generator does this. But you even so have to put the aforementioned amount of energy in. Scammers sometimes talk about perpetual motion in connectedness with costless free energy simply it doesn't be.

Ak on December 21, 2011:

I have a question.. Can the magnetic energy be converted to electrical enegergy somehow past properly placing them on a flywheel? Rotating the flywheel using the magnetic forcefulness. In that location are lot of things going on the web about it. And how come they only sell guides simply non the finished production.

Ak on December 21, 2011:

Articulate equally crystal

Robert on December xviii, 2011:

Beginning, thank you does not say plenty for this. I am a slow learner and forward to using this to help learn about electricity. I am finding out that it is not that hard, but like Bert K commented, U+P=R. Thank y'all once more so much Mr. Ravado

Rik Ravado (writer) from England on Nov 11, 2011:

Brett

Well spotted - I agree. (Changed the graphic) Thanks!

Brett on Nov 10, 2011:

Shouldn't your graphic read I = sqrt(P) / R instead of I = sqrt(P) / V?

Rik Ravado (writer) from England on March 12, 2011:

Thanks for the feedback Bert - you are and then correct with U+P=R.

Learning is much more effective when yous put what you have learned into practice!

bert k on March 12, 2011:

thanks for the free lesson. you made it very clear and easy to understand. here is a smart formula i'd like to laissez passer on to beginners like myself. U+P=R or utilization plus do equals retention. i wish there had been internet and google when i was a kid. best regards teach. bk

topquark from United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland on February 07, 2011:

Useful and well-presented article! A lot of people seem to get confused near Watts and Amps and Volts - an explanation like this has been long overdue.

bernie on October 12, 2010:

Everyones a cridic. I understood completely and I understood that it is not on the money, and those of us who don't accept to act like know it all'southward realize that there are factors involved that makes the math close, merely at that place is room for error. Mayhap thicknees of the wire being used, bombardment losing ability, or whatsoever the reason. People chill!!! If I understood and realise this then you brain childeren should. Anal Bastards.

Kevin on October 03, 2010:

Cheers for this mate.

Helped a lot with my schoolwork. :P

Rik Ravado (author) from England on June 09, 2010:

Thanks Peter!

Peter Enmore on June 08, 2010:

Yeah, you lot really can't get the calculation it to an exact. But you can definitely get an approximate.

Rik Ravado (author) from England on February 06, 2010:

Elk

Thanks for your comments - I still maintain 120v is safer than 230v. In other words the lower the voltage, the less electric current potentially flows through the victim.

I concur with your 'approximately' every bit plainly cablevision and other elements in the circuit will further lower the electric current. Besides the rating of the bulb or other appliance volition not be precise and at that place will be a margin of mistake.

Thank you for stopping by and commenting!

elkangorito from Thailand on February 06, 2010:

Even though your blog is an excellent "guide to the basics of electricity", at that place are a couple of things that need to be considered:

You said, "In the Us, the domestic supply is typically 110V, much safer than the UK."

This is not true.

Firstly, the voltage in the UK is officially 230v (unmarried phase, domestic).

Secondly, the voltage in the USA is 120v (domestic).

120v is in no way "safer" than 230v. A "safe" voltage is considered to be less than 50v RMS (Ac) or 120v DC (ripple free). These voltages are known as "extra low voltages" & relate to "affect voltage limits".

You lot also said: "Finally, think that if you know the voltage of your ability supply and so you can calculate the current through a bulb, fuse or other electrical appliance or component, based on its rating in Watts."

I recollect that you meant to say, "Finally, think that if you know the voltage of your power supply so y'all tin APPROXIMATELY calculate the current through a bulb, fuse or other electrical apparatus or component, based on its rating in Watts."

Rik Ravado (author) from England on November 04, 2009:

LiamBean - glad you found it helpful!

LiamBean from Los Angeles, Calilfornia on October 23, 2009:

Lovely. Wonderful explanation of Watts, Amps, and Current.

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